Nā Kaʻa Uila – Manaʻo Kaʻa Uila honua 2023

IEA (2023), Global Electric Vehicle Outlook 2023, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2023, Laikini: CC BY 4.0
ʻOiai nā pilikia o ka hoʻolako ʻana i ke kaulahao, macroeconomic a me geopolitical uncertainties, a me nā kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe a me nā kumukūʻai ikehu, e piʻi ke kūʻai aku kaʻa uila 1 i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe i ka makahiki 2022. ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ke kūʻai ʻana o nā kaʻa uila e kūʻē i ke kua o ka mākeke kaʻa kaʻa honua: ʻO ke kūʻai aku ma 2022 he 3% haʻahaʻa ma mua o 2021. ʻO ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā kaʻa uila, me nā kaʻa uila uila (BEV) a me nā kaʻa uila hybrid. (PHEVs), ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 miliona i ka makahiki i hala, ua piʻi 55% mai 2021.2. ʻO kēia helu - 10 miliona mau kaʻa uila i kūʻai ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa - ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kaʻa i kūʻai ʻia ma ka EU holoʻokoʻa (ma kahi o 9,5 miliona) a kokoke i ka hapalua o nā kaʻa āpau i kūʻai ʻia ma EU. Ke kūʻai aku nei nā kaʻa ma Kina i ka makahiki 2022. I loko o ʻelima mau makahiki, mai 2017 a 2022, ua lele nā ​​kūʻai kaʻa uila mai kahi o 1 miliona a ma luna o 10 miliona. Ua hoʻohana i elima makahiki, mai 2012 a hiki i 2017, no ka EV kuai e hele mai 100,000 a hiki i 1 miliona, highlighting ke ano exponential o EV kuai ulu. Ua piʻi ka mahele o nā kaʻa uila i ka nui o nā kūʻai kaʻa mai 9% i 2021 a i 14% i 2022, ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 mau manawa i kā lākou mahele ma 2017.
ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ke kūʻai aku e lawe mai i ka huina o nā kaʻa uila ma nā alanui o ka honua i 26 miliona, ʻoi aku ka 60% mai 2021, me nā kaʻa uila maʻemaʻe e ʻoi aku ana ma mua o 70% o ka hoʻonui makahiki, e like me nā makahiki i hala. ʻO ka hopena, ma 2022, ma kahi o 70% o nā ʻauwaʻa kaʻa uila honua e lilo i kaʻa uila wale nō. Ma nā ʻōlelo paʻa loa, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kūʻai aku ma waena o 2021 a me 2022 ma waena o 2020 a me 2021 - he piʻi o 3.5 miliona mau kaʻa - akā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ulu ʻana (e pālua ke kūʻai aku ma waena o 2020 a me 2021). ʻO ka boom kupaianaha ma 2021 paha ma muli o ka mākeke kaʻa uila e hopu ana ma hope o ka maʻi maʻi coronavirus (Covid-19). Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā makahiki i hala, ua like ka ulu makahiki o ke kūʻai ʻana i nā kaʻa uila ma 2022 me ka awelika o ka ulu ʻana o ka makahiki 2015-2018, a ʻo ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o nā kaʻa kaʻa uila honua ma 2022 e like me ka ulu ʻana o 2021 a ma waho. I ka manawa 2015-2018. Ke hoʻi wikiwiki nei ka mākeke kaʻa uila i nā wikiwiki pre-pandemic.
Ua ʻokoʻa ka ulu ʻana o nā kūʻai EV e ka ʻāina a me ka powertrain, akā hoʻomau ʻia e ka People's Republic of China ("China"). I ka makahiki 2022, e hoʻonui ʻia ke kūʻai ʻana o nā kaʻa uila ma Kina e 60% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2021 a i 4.4 miliona, a ʻo ke kūʻai aku ʻana o nā kaʻa hybrid plug-in e aneane ʻekolu i ka 1.5 miliona. ʻO ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o nā kūʻai PHEV i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me BEV e pono ke aʻo hou ʻia i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana no ka mea ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali o ka kūʻai ʻana o PHEV a hiki i kēia manawa ke hopu i ka boom post-Covid-19; Ua piʻi ʻekolu ke kūʻai aku ʻo EV mai 2020 a i 2021. ʻOiai ʻo ka nui o nā kūʻai kaʻa ma 2022 ua emi iho i 3% mai 2021, ke piʻi mau nei ke kūʻai aku ʻana o EV.
Aia ʻo Kina ma kahi o 60% o nā hoʻopaʻa inoa kaʻa uila hou ma ka honua. Ma 2022, no ka manawa mua, e helu ʻo Kina ma mua o 50% o ka huina o nā kaʻa uila ma nā alanui o ka honua, ʻo ia ka nui o 13.8 miliona mau kaʻa. ʻO kēia ulu ikaika ka hopena o nā makahiki he ʻumi o ke kākoʻo kulekele hoʻomau no nā mea hoʻohana mua, me ka hoʻonui ʻana a hiki i ka hopena o 2022 o nā mea kūʻai kūʻai i hoʻomaka mua ʻia e hoʻopau i 2020 ma muli o Covid-19, i ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā noi e like me Charging Infrastructure. Hoʻopuka wikiwiki i Kina a me kahi kulekele hoʻopaʻa inoa paʻa no nā kaʻa uila ʻole.
ʻO ka māhele o nā kaʻa uila i ka nui o nā kūʻai kaʻa ma ka mākeke kūloko o Kina e hiki i ka 29% e 2022, mai ka 16% i 2021 a ma lalo o 6% ma waena o 2018 a me 2020. No laila, ua hoʻokō ʻo Kina i kāna pahuhopu aupuni e hoʻokō i kahi 20 pakeneka o kūʻai kaʻa uila i ka makahiki 2025. – Kāhea i ka New Energy Vehicle (NEV)3 ma mua. Hōʻike nā hōʻailona a pau i ka ulu hou ʻana: ʻoiai ʻo ke Kuhina ʻOihana a me ka ʻenehana ʻike ʻike Kina (MIIT), ka mea nāna e mālama i ka ʻoihana kaʻa, ʻaʻole i hōʻano hou i kāna mau mea kūʻai kūʻai ʻo NEV, ua hōʻoia ʻia ka pahuhopu no ka electrification hou o ka halihali alanui. no ka makahiki e hiki mai ana. 2019. He mau palapala hoʻolālā. Manaʻo ʻo Kina e hoʻokō i ka 50 pākēneka o ke kūʻai aku ma nā wahi i kapa ʻia ʻo "nā wahi hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka ea ea" a he 40 pākēneka o nā kūʻai aku ma ka ʻāina a puni ka makahiki 2030 e kākoʻo i kahi hoʻolālā hana aupuni e hoʻonui i nā hoʻokuʻu kalapona. Inā hoʻomau nā ʻano mākeke o kēia manawa, hiki ke hoʻokō koke ʻia ka pahuhopu 2030 o Kina. Ke kākoʻo pū nei nā aupuni panalāʻau i ka hoʻokō ʻana o NEV, a i kēia manawa ua hoʻonohonoho nā panalāʻau 18 i nā pahuhopu NEV.
Ua kōkua pū ke kākoʻo kūloko ma Kina i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kekahi o nā mea hana kaʻa uila nui loa o ka honua. ʻO ke keʻena nui ma Shenzhen, hoʻolako ʻo BYD i ka hapa nui o nā kaʻa kaʻa uila a me nā kaʻa kaʻa, a ʻike ʻia kona alakaʻi ʻana i ka manaʻo o Shenzhen e hoʻokō i ka 60 pakeneka o ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā kaʻa ikehu hou i ka makahiki 2025. Manaʻo ʻo Guangzhou e hoʻokō i kahi 50% o ka kaʻa ikehu hou. kūʻai aku ma 2025, e kōkua ana iā Xpeng Motors e hoʻonui a lilo i hoʻokahi o nā alakaʻi i nā kaʻa uila ma ka ʻāina.
ʻAʻole maopopo ʻole inā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūʻai aku ʻana o Kina ma mua o ka 20% i ka makahiki 2023, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke kūʻai ʻana e like me ka manaʻo e hoʻopau ʻia ka hoʻoulu ʻana ma ka hopena o 2022. ʻO kēia kekahi ma muli o ka manawa o ka Makahiki Hou, a hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Ianuali 2022, ua emi lākou ma kahi o 10%. Eia naʻe, i loko o Pepeluali a me Malaki 2023, e loaʻa ana nā kūʻai EV, kahi kokoke i 60% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o Pepeluali 2022 a ʻoi aku ma mua o 25% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o Pepeluali 2022. 2023 ʻoi aku ma mua o 20% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hapaha mua o 2022.
Ma Europe4, e ulu ana ke kūʻai aku o nā kaʻa uila ma 2022 ma mua o 15% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2021, a hiki i 2.7 miliona mau ʻāpana. ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana o ke kūʻai aku i nā makahiki i hala, me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ulu makahiki ma luna o 65% i 2021 a me ka awelika ulu o 40% i 2017-2019. I ka makahiki 2022, e piʻi aʻe nā kūʻai aku ʻo BEV e 30% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2021 (piʻi i ka 65% i 2021 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2020), aʻo ke kūʻai aku i nā plug-in hybrid e emi iho ma kahi o 3%. Ua helu ʻo ʻEulopa i ka 10% o ka ulu honua i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā kaʻa uila hou. ʻOiai ke lohi nei ka ulu ʻana i ka makahiki 2022, ke ulu mau nei ke kūʻai ʻana i nā kaʻa uila ma ʻEulopa ma waena o ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka mākeke kaʻa, me ka nui o nā kūʻai kaʻa ma ʻEulopa i 2022 i lalo o 3% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2021.
ʻO ka lohi ʻana ma ʻEulopa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā makahiki i hala e hōʻike ana i ka ulu nui ʻana o ke kūʻai ʻana i nā kaʻa uila EU ma 2020 a me 2021 ʻoiai nā mea hana e hoʻoponopono koke i kā lākou hoʻolālā ʻoihana e hoʻokō i nā kūlana hoʻokuʻu CO2 i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka makahiki 2019. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o nā pahuhopu ākea ākea mai 2025 a me 2030.
Loaʻa nā kumukūʻai o ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe ma 2022 i nā hopena paʻakikī no ka hoʻokūkū o nā kaʻa uila e kūʻē i nā kaʻa ʻenekini kūloko (ICE). Ua piʻi aʻe ke kumukūʻai o ka petrola a me ka diesel no nā kaʻa puhi ahi, akā i kekahi mau hihia, ua piʻi pū nā bila uila noho (e pili ana i ka hoʻouka ʻana). ʻO ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka uila a me ke kinoea ke hoʻonui nei i ke kumukūʻai o ka hana ʻana i nā ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko a me nā kaʻa uila, a manaʻo kekahi mau mea hana kaʻa e hiki ke kaupalena i ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka mana pākaukau hou.
Ma ka 2022, e noho ʻo ʻEulopa i ka lua o ka mākeke EV nui loa ma ka honua ma hope o Kina, ʻo ia ka 25% o ka nui o nā kūʻai EV a me 30% o ka ʻona honua. E hiki aku ana ka mahele o ke kuai kaa uila i ka 21% i ka 18% ma 2021, 10% ma 2020 a ma lalo o 3% e 2019. Ke hoomau nei na aina o Europa i ke kulana kiekie ma ka mahele o ke kuai EV, me Norewai e alakai ana me 88%, ʻO Suedena me 54%, ʻo Netherlands me 35%, Kelemānia me 31%, ʻo UK me 23% a me Palani me 21% e 2022. Kelemānia ʻO ka mākeke nui loa o ʻEulopa e ka nui o ke kūʻai aku, me ke kūʻai aku o 830,000 i 2022, ukali ʻia e UK me 370,000 a me Palani me 330,000. Ua ʻoi aku ke kūʻai aku ma Sepania ma luna o 80,000. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻāpana o nā kaʻa uila i ka nui o ke kūʻai ʻana o nā kaʻa ma Kelemania i ka ʻumi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka pre-Covid-19, ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kākoʻo post-pandemic e like me ka Umweltbonus kūʻai ʻana i nā mea hoʻoikaika, a me nā kūʻai mua i manaʻo ʻia mai 2023 a 2022. i keia makahiki, e hoemi hou ia na kokua. Eia nō naʻe, ma Italia, ua hāʻule nā ​​kūʻai EV mai 140,000 i 2021 a i 115,000 i 2022, ʻoiai ʻo Austria, Denmark a me Finland kekahi i ʻike i ka emi ʻana a i ʻole ka stagnation.
Manaʻo ʻia ka ulu ʻana o nā kūʻai ma ʻEulopa, ʻoi aku ka nui ma hope o nā loli kulekele hou ma lalo o ka papahana Fit for 55. Hoʻonohonoho nā lula hou i nā kūlana hoʻokuʻu CO2 koʻikoʻi no 2030-2034 a manaʻo e hōʻemi i ka hoʻoiho CO2 mai nā kaʻa a me nā kaʻa hou e 100% mai 2035 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā pae 2021. I ka wā pōkole, ʻo nā mea hoʻoikaika e holo ana ma waena o 2025 a me 2029 e uku i nā mea hana i loaʻa i ka 25% kaʻana o nā kūʻai kaʻa (17% no nā kaʻa) no nā kaʻa ʻole a haʻahaʻa paha. I nā mahina mua ʻelua o 2023, ua hoʻonui ʻia ke kūʻai ʻana o nā kaʻa uila ma mua o 30% makahiki-ma-makahiki, aʻo ka nui o nā kūʻai kaʻa i hoʻonui ʻia ma mua o 10% makahiki-ma-makahiki.
Ma US, e ulu ana nā kūʻai EV e 55% i 2022 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2021, me nā EV wale nō ke alakaʻi i ke ala. Ua piʻi ka kūʻai ʻana o nā kaʻa uila i 70% a kokoke i 800,000 mau ʻāpana, e hōʻailona ana i ka makahiki ʻelua o ka ulu ikaika ma hope o ka emi ʻana o 2019-2020. Ua piʻi aʻe ke kūʻai aku i nā plug-in hybrid, ʻoiai ʻo 15% wale nō. ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka ulu ʻana o nā kaʻa kaʻa uila US ma muli o ka nui o ke kūʻai ʻana o nā kaʻa ma 2022 i lalo o 8% mai 2021, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka awelika honua o -3%. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ua helu ʻo ʻAmelika i ka 10 pakeneka o ka ulu kūʻai honua. ʻO ka nui o nā kaʻa uila e hiki i 3 miliona, ʻo ia ka 40% ʻoi aku ma mua o 2021, ʻo ia ka 10% o ka nui o nā kaʻa uila i ka honua. Ua helu ʻia nā kaʻa uila ma kahi o 8% o ka nui o nā kūʻai kaʻa, mai ka 5% wale nō ma 2021 a ma kahi o 2% ma waena o 2018 a me 2020.
He nui nā kumu i hoʻonui i ke kūʻai aku ma US. Hiki i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻoi aku ke kūʻai aku ma mua o nā mea i hāʻawi ʻia e ke alakaʻi mōʻaukala ʻo Tesla ke kōkua i ka pani ʻana i ke āpau o ka lako. Me nā hui nui e like me Tesla a me General Motors e paʻi ana i ke kaupaku kālā i nā makahiki i hala me ke kākoʻo mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā hui ʻē aʻe i nā hiʻohiʻona hou, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea kūʻai aku e loaʻa i ka $ 7,500 i nā mea kūʻai. Ke neʻe nei nā aupuni a me nā ʻoihana i ka electrification, ke ulu nei ka ʻike: ma ka 2022, hoʻokahi o ʻehā ʻAmelika e manaʻo i kā lākou kaʻa hou e uila, e like me ka AAA. ʻOiai ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana a me ka mamao o ka huakaʻi i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, he paʻakikī koʻikoʻi lākou no nā mea hoʻokele ma US, no ka lōʻihi maʻamau, ke komo haʻahaʻa, a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me ke kaʻaahi. Eia nō naʻe, i ka makahiki 2021, ua hoʻonui ke kānāwai bipartisan infrastructure i ke kākoʻo no ka hoʻopiʻi kaʻa uila ma o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana iā US $ 5 biliona ma waena o 2022 a me 2026 ma o ka National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Formula Program a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Program ma ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana iā US $ 2.5 biliona i loko o ka ʻano hāʻawi hoʻokūkū. ʻO ka hoʻolimalima ʻana a me ka hoʻopiha piha ʻana i ke kālā kālā.
E hoʻomau ʻia ka wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana o ke kūʻai aku a hiki i 2023 a ma waho aʻe, mahalo i kahi kulekele kākoʻo hou hou (e ʻike iā Electric Vehicle Deployment Outlook). Ua ho'āla ka Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) i ka holo honua e nā hui kaʻa uila e hoʻonui i nā hana hana ma US. Ma waena o ʻAukake 2022 a me Malaki 2023, ua hoʻolaha nā kaʻa uila nui a me nā mea hana pākaukau he $ 52 biliona hoʻopukapuka kālā ma ke kaulahao lako kaʻa uila ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, kahi o 50% i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana pākaukau, aʻo nā mea pākaukau a me ka hana kaʻa uila i helu ʻia ma kahi o 20. piliona kālā ʻAmelika. piliona dala US.%. Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻo nā hoʻolaha o ka hui i komo i nā hoʻohiki mua e hoʻopukapuka kālā i ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka ʻoihana uila a me ka hana kaʻa uila, ka huina o $7.5 biliona a $108 biliona. ʻO Tesla, no ka laʻana, hoʻolālā e hoʻoneʻe i kāna mea kanu pākahi lithium-ion Gigafactory ma Berlin i Texas, kahi e hui pū ai me ka CATL o Kina e hana i nā kaʻa uila e hiki mai ana ma Mexico. Ua hoʻolaha pū ʻo Ford i kahi kuʻikahi me ka Ningde Times e kūkulu i kahi mea kanu pākahi ʻo Michigan a hoʻolālā e hoʻonui i ka hana kaʻa uila i ʻeono manawa ma ka hopena o 2023 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2022, hiki i 600,000 mau kaʻa i kēlā me kēia makahiki a hoʻonui i ka hana i 2 miliona mau kaʻa ma ka hopena o 2022. o ka makahiki. 2026. Hoʻolālā ʻo BMW e hoʻonui i ka hana kaʻa uila ma kāna hale kanu South Carolina ma hope o ka IRA. Ua koho ʻo Volkswagen iā Kanada no kāna mea kanu pākahi mua ma waho o ʻEulopa, ma muli o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i nā hana ma 2027, a ke hoʻolilo nei ʻo ia i $2 biliona i loko o kahi mea kanu ma South Carolina. ʻOiai ke manaʻo ʻia nei kēia mau hoʻopukapuka e alakaʻi i ka ulu ikaika i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia ko lākou hopena piha a hiki i 2024, ke hele nei ka mea kanu ma ka pūnaewele.
I ka wā pōkole, ua kaupalena ka IRA i nā koi no ke komo ʻana i nā pōmaikaʻi kūʻai, no ka mea, pono e hana ʻia nā kaʻa ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau i mea e pono ai ke kālā. Eia nō naʻe, ua ikaika ka kūʻai ʻana o EV mai ʻAukake 2022 a ʻo nā mahina mua o 2023 ʻaʻole ia he ʻokoʻa, me ke kūʻai aku ʻana o EV he 60% i ka hapaha mua o 2023 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka manawa like ma 2022, ka mea i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka hoʻopau ʻana o Ianuali. 2023 Hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ke kālā kālā. ʻO ia ke ʻano o nā kumu hoʻohālike mai nā alakaʻi mākeke hiki i kēia manawa ke hauʻoli i nā uku ke kūʻai. I ka wā lōʻihi, manaʻo ʻia e hoʻonui ʻia ka papa inoa o nā kumu hoʻohālike i kūpono i ke kālā.
ʻO nā hōʻailona mua o ke kūʻai ʻana i ka hapaha mua o 2023 e kuhikuhi ana i ka manaʻo maikaʻi, i kākoʻo ʻia e nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa a hoʻonui i ke kākoʻo politika i nā mākeke koʻikoʻi e like me ka US. No laila, me ka ʻoi aku o 2.3 miliona mau kaʻa uila i kūʻai mua ʻia i ka hapaha mua o kēia makahiki, manaʻo mākou e kūʻai aku nā kaʻa uila i ka 14 miliona ma 2023. ʻO ia ke ʻano o ke kūʻai ʻana o nā kaʻa uila ma 2023 e ulu e 35% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2022, a me ka E piʻi aʻe ka māhele o ke kūʻai aku o nā kaʻa uila mai 14% i 2022 a i 18%.
ʻO nā kūʻai kaʻa uila i nā mahina mua ʻekolu o 2023 e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻailona o ka ulu ikaika i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka manawa like ma 2022. Ma US, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kaʻa uila 320,000 e kūʻai ʻia i ka hapaha mua o 2023, piʻi 60% mai ka manawa like. i 2022. Ka manawa like ma 2022. Manaʻo mākou i kēia manawa e hoʻomau kēia ulu ʻana i ka makahiki, me ke kūʻai aku ʻana o nā kaʻa uila ma mua o 1.5 miliona mau ʻāpana ma 2023, ka hopena i ka 12% kaʻana o ke kūʻai ʻana i nā kaʻa uila US ma 2023.
Ma Kina, ua hoʻomaka maikaʻi ke kūʻai aku ʻana o EV i ka makahiki 2023, me ke kūʻai aku ʻana o Ianuali he 8% mai Ianuali 2022. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili i loaʻa hou i ka hoʻōla wikiwiki ʻana o nā kūʻai EV, me ke kūʻai aku ʻana o EV Kina ma luna o 20% i ka hapaha mua o 2023 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mua. hapaha o 2022, me ka ʻoi aku o 1.3 miliona mau EV i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia. Manaʻo mākou e ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai maikaʻi loa no nā EV i ka hopena o ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā haʻawina EV a hiki i ka hopena o 2023. ʻO ka hopena, ke manaʻo nei mākou e ulu aʻe nā kūʻai EV ma Kina ma mua o 30% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2022, a hiki i ka 8 miliona. nā ʻāpana ma ka hopena o 2023, me ka māhele kūʻai aku ma mua o 35% (29% i 2022).
ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ke kūʻai ʻana i nā kaʻa uila ma ʻEulopa e manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka haʻahaʻa loa o nā mākeke ʻekolu, i alakaʻi ʻia e nā ʻano hou a me nā pahuhopu hoʻokuʻu CO2 paʻa ʻaʻole e hoʻokō ʻia a hiki i ka makahiki 2025 ma ka mua. Ma ka hapaha mua o 2023, e ulu ana nā kūʻai kaʻa uila ma ʻEulopa ma kahi o 10% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka manawa like ma 2022. Manaʻo mākou e ulu aʻe nā kūʻai EV ma mua o 25% no ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa, me hoʻokahi o ʻehā mau kaʻa i kūʻai ʻia ma ʻEulopa he uila.
Ma waho o ka mākeke EV mainstream, manaʻo ʻia ke kūʻai aku ʻana o EV ma kahi o 900,000 i 2023, piʻi 50% mai 2022. ʻO ke kūʻai ʻana i nā kaʻa uila ma India i ka hapaha mua o 2023 ua ʻelua ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka manawa like ma 2022. , akā e ulu mau ana.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, aia nā pōʻino i lalo i ka manaʻo no 2023: ʻo ka hāʻule ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai honua a me ka hoʻopau ʻana o Kina i nā haʻawina NEV hiki ke hoʻemi i ka ulu ʻana o ke kūʻai ʻana i nā kaʻa uila honua ma 2023. ʻO nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻaila e pono ai nā kaʻa uila ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā hanana kālaiʻāina hou, e like me ka manaʻo o ka US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ʻApelila 2023 e hoʻopaʻa i nā kūlana hoʻokuʻu kinoea hoʻomehana honua no nā kaʻa, hiki ke hōʻailona i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kūʻai aku ma mua o ka hoʻokō ʻana.
Ke hoʻonui nei ka heihei electrification i ka nui o nā hiʻohiʻona kaʻa uila i loaʻa ma ka mākeke. Ma 2022, hiki i ka helu o nā koho i loaʻa i ka 500, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 450 i 2021 a ʻoi aku ma mua o ka pālua o 2018-2019. E like me nā makahiki i hala, ua loaʻa iā Kina ka waihona huahana ākea loa me ka aneane 300 mau hiʻohiʻona i loaʻa, pālua i ka helu ma 2018-2019 ma mua o ka maʻi maʻi Covid-19. ʻOi aku ka pālua o kēlā helu ma Norewai, Netherlands, Kelemānia, Suedena, Farani a me UK, nona kēlā me kēia ma kahi o 150 mau hiʻohiʻona e koho ai, ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻekolu mau manawa i ka helu pre-pandemic. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 100 mau hiʻohiʻona e loaʻa i ka US i 2022, akā ʻelua mau manawa ma mua o ka maʻi maʻi; ma Kanada, Iapana, a me South Korea, 30 a emi mai paha.
Hōʻike nā ʻano no 2022 i ka ulu ulu ʻana o ka mākeke kaʻa uila a hōʻike i ka pane ʻana o nā kaʻa i ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kūʻai aku no nā kaʻa uila. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka nui o nā hiʻohiʻona EV i loaʻa ma lalo o nā kaʻa ʻenekini puhi ahi maʻamau, e noho ana ma luna o 1,250 mai 2010 a piʻi i ka 1,500 i ka waena o nā makahiki i hala. ʻO ke kūʻai aku ʻana o nā ʻenekini hoʻoheheʻe kūloko ua emi mau i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, me kahi CAGR o -2% ma waena o 2016 a me 2022, a hiki i kahi 1,300 mau ʻāpana i 2022. ʻokoʻa kēia emi ʻana ma waena o nā mākeke automotive nui a ʻo ia ka mea nui loa. ʻIke ʻia kēia ma Kina, kahi o ka helu o nā koho ICE i loaʻa ma 2022 he 8% haʻahaʻa ma mua o 2016, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 3-4% ma US a me ʻEulopa i ka manawa like. Hiki paha kēia ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka mākeke kaʻa a me ka hoʻololi lohi ʻana o nā mea hana kaʻa nui i nā kaʻa uila. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, inā e nānā ka poʻe kaʻa i ka electrification a hoʻomau i ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona ICE i loaʻa ma mua o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kālā hoʻomohala no nā mea hou, hiki ke kūpaʻa ka huina o nā hiʻohiʻona ICE e kū nei, ʻoiai e emi ana ka nui o nā hiʻohiʻona hou.
Ke ulu wikiwiki nei ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona kaʻa uila i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona mīkini hoʻomohala kūloko, me kahi CAGR o 30% ma 2016-2022. I nā mākeke e kū mai ana, e manaʻo ʻia kēia ulu ʻana i ka nui o nā mea komo hou e lawe mai i nā huahana hou i ka mākeke a hoʻololi nā mea incumbent i kā lākou mau waihona huahana. Ua emi iki ka ulu ʻana i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ma kahi o 25% i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma 2021 a me 15% i 2022. Manaʻo ʻia nā helu hoʻohālike e hoʻomau i ka ulu wikiwiki i ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā mea hana kaʻa nui i kā lākou EV portfolios a me nā mea komo hou e hoʻoikaika i ko lākou paepae, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ulu ʻana. nā mākeke a me nā ʻāina kūkulu (EMDEs). ʻO ka helu mōʻaukala o nā hiʻohiʻona ICE i loaʻa ma ka mākeke e hōʻike ana i ka helu o nā koho EV i kēia manawa hiki ke pālua ma mua o ka pae ʻana.
ʻO kahi pilikia nui ma ka mākeke kaʻa kaʻa honua (me nā kaʻa uila a me nā ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko) ʻo ia ka mana nui o nā SUV a me nā hiʻohiʻona nui i ka mākeke no nā koho kūpono. Hiki i nā mea hana kaʻa ke loaʻa nā kālā kiʻekiʻe mai ia mau hiʻohiʻona ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana, hiki ke uhi i kahi hapa o ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kaʻa uila. I kekahi mau hihia, e like me ka US, hiki i nā kaʻa nui ke pōmaikaʻi mai nā kūlana hoʻokele waiwai wahie liʻiliʻi, e paipai ana i nā mea hana kaʻa e hoʻonui iki i ka nui o kahi kaʻa e hiki ai i nā kaʻa māmā.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai o nā kumu hoʻohālike nui, e hoʻokumu ana i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka papa, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā mākeke e kū mai ana a me nā ʻāina kūkulu. Loaʻa i nā kumu hoʻohālike nui nā hopena no ka hoʻomau ʻana a me nā kaulahao hoʻolako ʻoiai lākou e hoʻohana ana i nā pākaukau nui e koi ana i nā minela koʻikoʻi. I ka makahiki 2022, e kū ana ka nui o ka pā uila no nā kaʻa uila liʻiliʻi mai 25 kWh ma Kina a 35 kWh ma Farani, Kelemānia a me UK, a ma kahi o 60 kWh ma US. No ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻo ka awelika hoʻohana ma kēia mau ʻāina ma kahi o 70-75 kWh no nā SUV uila maʻemaʻe a ma ka laulā o 75-90 kWh no nā hiʻohiʻona nui.
ʻOiai ka nui o ke kaʻa, ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana mai nā ʻenekini puhi ahi i ka mana uila he mea nui ia i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pahu hoʻokuʻu ʻole, akā he mea nui ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka hopena o nā pākahi nui. Ma ka makahiki 2022, ma Farani, Kelemānia a me UK, ʻo ka awelika kūʻai kaumaha o nā SUV uila maʻemaʻe he 1.5 mau manawa ma mua o nā kaʻa uila liʻiliʻi maʻamau e koi ana i ke kila, aluminika a me ka plastic; ʻelua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻuala ma waho o ke alanui e koi ana ma kahi o 75% mau minerala nui. ʻO nā hoʻokuʻu CO2 e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i nā mea, ka hana ʻana a me ka hui ʻana e manaʻo ʻia e hoʻonui ʻia ma mua o 70%.
I ka manawa like, hiki i nā SUV uila ke ʻoki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka aila ma mua o 150,000 barela i kēlā me kēia lā ma 2022 a pale aku i nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana e pili ana i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka wahie i loko o nā mīkini hoʻopau i loko. ʻOiai e helu ana nā SUV uila ma kahi o 35% o nā kaʻa holo kaʻa uila (PLDV) a pau i ka makahiki 2022, ʻoi aku ka nui o kā lākou mahele o ka hoʻokuʻu wahie (ma kahi o 40%) no ka mea ʻoi aku ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā SUV ma mua o nā kaʻa liʻiliʻi. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kaʻa liʻiliʻi no ka holo ʻana a me ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea hana e kūkulu ai, akā makemake mau nā SUV uila i nā kaʻa ʻenekini puhi ahi.
Ma ka 2022, e hoʻokuʻu aku nā ICE SUV ma mua o 1 Gt o CO2, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka 80 Mt net emission reduction o nā kaʻa uila i kēia makahiki. ʻOiai e hāʻule ka nui o nā kaʻa kaʻa e 0.5% i 2022, e ulu ana nā kūʻai SUV e 3% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2021, e helu ana ma kahi o 45% o ka nui o nā kūʻai kaʻa, me ka ulu nui e hele mai ana mai US, India a me ʻEulopa. ʻO nā kaʻa 1300 ICE i loaʻa e 2022, ʻoi aku ma mua o 40% e lilo i SUV, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka liʻiliʻi o 35% o nā kaʻa liʻiliʻi a me ka liʻiliʻi. Ke emi nei ka huina o nā koho ICE i loaʻa mai 2016 a i 2022, akā no nā kaʻa liʻiliʻi a me ka liʻiliʻi wale nō (35% emi), ʻoiai ke hoʻonui nei no nā kaʻa nui a me nā SUV (10% hoʻonui).
ʻIke ʻia kahi ʻano like ma ka mākeke kaʻa uila. Ma kahi o 16% o nā SUV a pau i kūʻai ʻia e 2022 he EV, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o ka māhele mākeke holoʻokoʻa o nā EV, e hōʻike ana i ka makemake o nā mea kūʻai aku no nā SUV, inā he ahi kūloko a i ʻole nā ​​kaʻa uila. Ma ka 2022, kokoke i 40% o nā kaʻa kaʻa uila a pau he SUVs, e like me ka mahele hui o nā kaʻa liʻiliʻi a me ka nui. ʻOi aku ma mua o 15% i hāʻule i ka mahele o nā hiʻohiʻona nui ʻē aʻe. ʻEkolu mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka makahiki 2019, ua helu ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi a me waena o 60% o nā hiʻohiʻona āpau i loaʻa, me nā SUV wale nō 30%.
Ma Kina a me ʻEulopa, ʻo nā SUV a me nā hiʻohiʻona nui e lilo i 60 pakeneka o ka koho BEV i kēia manawa ma 2022, e like me ka awelika honua. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo nā SUV a me nā hiʻohiʻona ICE nui ma kahi o 70 pakeneka o nā hiʻohiʻona ICE i loaʻa i kēia mau ʻāpana, e hōʻike ana i kēia manawa ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā EV ma mua o ko lākou mau hoa ICE. Manaʻo nā ʻōlelo mai kekahi mau mea hana kaʻa nui ʻEulopa e hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka nānā ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi akā kaulana i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Volkswagen e hoʻolauna i kahi kumu hoʻohālike sub-€25,000 i ka mākeke ʻEulopa e 2025 a me kahi kumu hoʻohālike sub-€20,000 i 2026-27 e hoʻopiʻi i kahi ākea o nā mea kūʻai aku. Ma US, ʻoi aku ma mua o 80% o nā koho BEV i loaʻa he SUV a i ʻole nā ​​hiʻohiʻona nui i ka makahiki 2022, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka 70% o nā SUV a i ʻole nā ​​hiʻohiʻona ICE nui. Ke nānā nei i mua, inā hiki mai ka hoʻolaha hou e hoʻonui i nā mea hoʻoikaika IRA i nā SUV hou aʻe, manaʻo e ʻike i nā SUV uila hou aʻe ma US. Ma lalo o ka IRA, ua hoʻoponopono hou ka US Department of the Treasury i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā kaʻa a ma 2023 ua hoʻololi i nā koina kūpono no nā hōʻaiʻē kaʻa maʻemaʻe e pili ana me nā SUV liʻiliʻi, i kēia manawa ke kūpono inā aia ke kumukūʻai ma lalo o $ 80,000 mai ka pāpale mua. ma ka $55,000. .
Ua hoʻonui ʻia ke kūʻai ʻana o nā kaʻa uila ma Kina e ke kākoʻo politika hoʻomau a me nā kumukūʻai kūʻai haʻahaʻa. Ma 2022, ʻo ke kumukūʻai kūʻai maʻamau o nā kaʻa uila liʻiliʻi ma Kina e emi iho ma mua o $10,000, ma lalo o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka $30,000 i ka makahiki hoʻokahi i ka wā i ʻoi aku ai ke kumukūʻai kūʻai o nā kaʻa uila liʻiliʻi ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma mua o $30,000.
Ma Kina, ʻo nā kaʻa uila kūʻai maikaʻi loa ma 2022 ʻo ia ka Wuling Mini BEV, kahi kaʻa liʻiliʻi i kūʻai ʻia ma lalo o $6,500, a me kahi kaʻa liʻiliʻi BYD Dolphin ma lalo o $16,000. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana, ʻo nā hiʻohiʻona ʻelua e pili ana i ka 15 pakeneka o ka ulu ʻana o Kina i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa, e hōʻike ana i ke koi no nā hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo nā kaʻa liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi āpau ma Farani, Kelemānia a me UK - ʻo ka Fiat 500, Peugeot e-208 a me Renault Zoe - ke kumu kūʻai ma luna o $35,000. He liʻiliʻi loa nā kaʻa uila a pau i kūʻai ʻia ma US, ʻo ka Chevrolet Bolt a me Mini Cooper BEV, ke kumu kūʻai ma kahi o $30,000. ʻO ka Tesla Model Y ke kaʻa kaʻa BEV kūʻai maikaʻi loa ma kekahi mau ʻāina ʻEulopa (ma luna o $65,000) a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (ma luna o $10,000). 50,000).6
Ua kālele ka poʻe hana kaʻa Kina i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai, ma mua o kā lākou mau hoa honua, e ʻoki ana i nā kumukūʻai ma hope o nā makahiki o ka hoʻokūkū kūloko. Mai ka 2000s, ua komo nā haneli o nā mea hana kaʻa uila liʻiliʻi i ka mākeke, e pōmaikaʻi ana i nā papahana kākoʻo aupuni like ʻole, me nā haʻawina a me nā mea hoʻoikaika no nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā mea hana. Ua hoʻokuke ʻia ka hapa nui o kēia mau hui mai ka hoʻokūkū ʻana i ka wā i hoʻopau ʻia ai ke kālā a ua hoʻohui ʻia ka mākeke me nā alakaʻi he ʻumikūmālua i hoʻomohala kūleʻa i nā kaʻa uila liʻiliʻi a maʻalahi no ka mākeke Kina. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o ka pākaukau a me ke kaulahao lako kaʻa uila, mai ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka minerala i ka pākaukau a me ka hana ʻana i nā kaʻa uila, a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hana haʻahaʻa, ka hana ʻana a me ke kālā ma o ka papa ke alakaʻi nei i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kumu hoʻohālike.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā mea hana kaʻa ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika - inā paha nā mea hoʻomohala mua e like me Tesla a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea pāʻani nui i kēia manawa - ua ʻike nui ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona nui, ʻoi aku ka nani, a laila hāʻawi liʻiliʻi i ka mākeke lehulehu. Eia naʻe, hāʻawi pinepine nā ʻano liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i kēia mau ʻāina i ka hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ko Kina, e like me ka lōʻihi. I ka makahiki 2022, e hoʻokokoke ana ke kumukūʻai o nā kaʻa uila liʻiliʻi i kūʻai ʻia ma US i 350 mau kilomita, ʻoiai ma Farani, Kelemānia a me UK aia kēia helu ma lalo o 300 mau kilomita, a ma Kina ua emi kēia helu. ma luna o 220 mau kilomita. Ma nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka kaulana o nā hale hoʻolimalima lehulehu ma Kina e wehewehe i ke kumu e koho nui ai nā mea kūʻai mai Kina i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā mea kūʻai aku ʻEulopa a ʻAmelika paha.
Ua ʻoki ʻo Tesla i nā kumukūʻai ma kāna mau hiʻohiʻona ʻelua i ka makahiki 2022 i ka wā e piʻi ai ka hoʻokūkū a ua hoʻolaha nui nā mea hana kaʻa i nā koho maʻalahi no nā makahiki e hiki mai ana. ʻOiai e pono ana kēia mau ʻōlelo i ka noiʻi hou ʻana, hōʻike paha kēia ʻano e hiki ke pani mālie ke kaʻa kūʻai ma waena o nā kaʻa uila liʻiliʻi a me nā kaʻa ʻenekini puhi ahi i loko o nā makahiki he ʻumi.
Ma ka 2022, ʻekolu mau mākeke kaʻa uila nui loa - Kina, ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika - e helu no kahi o 95% o nā kūʻai honua. Emerging Markets and Emerging Economies (EMDEs) ma waho o Kina ka helu no kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o ka mākeke kaʻa uila honua. Ua piʻi ka noi no nā kaʻa uila i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, akā haʻahaʻa ke kūʻai aku.
ʻOiai ʻo nā mākeke e kū mai ana a me nā ʻāina e ulu ana e hoʻohana pinepine i nā huahana ʻenehana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e like me nā smartphones, nā kamepiula a me nā mea pili, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kaʻa uila no ka hapa nui o nā kānaka. Wahi a kahi noiʻi hou, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka 50 pakeneka o ka poʻe pane ma Ghana e makemake e kūʻai i kaʻa uila ma mua o kahi kaʻa ʻenekini puhi ahi, akā ʻoi aku ka hapa o kēlā mau mea kūʻai aku ʻaʻole makemake e hoʻolilo ma mua o $20,000 ma kahi kaʻa uila. Hiki ke pale i ka nele o ka hoʻopiʻi hilinaʻi a me ke kumukūʻai, a me ka hiki ke lawelawe, hoʻoponopono a mālama i nā kaʻa uila. I ka hapa nui o ka mākeke e kū mai ana a me nā ʻāina e ulu nei, ua hoʻokumu nui ʻia ka halihali alanui ma nā ʻōnaehana kaʻa liʻiliʻi ma nā kikowaena kūlanakauhale e like me nā huila ʻelua a me ʻekolu, e holomua ana i ka electrification a me ka neʻe ʻana e kūleʻa i nā huakaʻi kūloko e hana. He ʻokoʻa nō hoʻi ke ʻano o ka kūʻai ʻana, me ka haʻahaʻa o ke kaʻa kaʻa pilikino a ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o ke kūʻai ʻana i kaʻa hoʻohana. Ke nānā nei i mua, ʻoiai ke kūʻai aku nei i nā kaʻa uila (ʻo nā mea hou a i hoʻohana ʻia) i ka mākeke e kū mai ana a me nā ʻāina e ulu nei e manaʻo ʻia e ulu, nui nā ʻāina e hoʻomau i ka hilinaʻi nui i nā huila ʻelua a ʻekolu. 'o ia hoʻi (e nānā i nā kaʻa ma kēia hōʻike). ʻāpana) ).
I ka makahiki 2022, e ulu nui ana nā kaʻa uila ma India, Thailand a me Indonesia. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kūʻai aku ʻana o EV i kēia mau ʻāina ma mua o ka ʻekolu mai 2021 a kokoke i 80,000. ʻO nā kūʻai aku ma 2022 ʻehiku mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 2019 ma mua o ka maʻi maʻi Covid-19. I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ke kūʻai ʻana ma nā mākeke ʻē aʻe a me nā ʻāina kūkulu.
Ma Inia, hiki ke kūʻai aku ʻo EV ma kahi o 50,000 i 2022, ʻehā mau manawa ma mua o 2021, a ʻo ka nui o nā kūʻai kaʻa e ulu ma lalo o 15%. ʻOi aku ka 85% o ke kūʻai aku ʻana o ka BEV ma mua o Tata, ʻoiai ʻo ke kūʻai aku ʻana o ka BEV Tigor/Tiago he ʻehā. Ke kūʻai aku nei nā kaʻa hybrid plug-in ma India kokoke i ka zero. Ke koho nei nā hui kaʻa uila hou i ka Production Incentive Scheme (PLI) o ke aupuni, kahi papahana kōkua kālā ma kahi o $2 biliona e manaʻo ana e hoʻonui i ka hana ʻana o nā kaʻa uila a me kā lākou mau mea. Ua loaʻa i ka papahana ka huina kālā he $8.3 biliona.
Eia nō naʻe, ke kau nei ka mākeke India i kēia manawa i ka kaʻana like a me ka liʻiliʻi. Ma ka 2022, 25% o nā kūʻai EV ma India e hana ʻia e nā mea hoʻokele moku e like me ka taxis. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2023, ua loaʻa iā Tata kahi kauoha nui mai Uber no 25,000 mau kaʻa uila. Eia kekahi, ʻoiai ʻo 55% o nā huila ʻekolu i kūʻai ʻia he mau kaʻa uila, ʻoi aku ma mua o 2% o nā kaʻa i kūʻai ʻia he mau kaʻa uila. ʻAʻole hāʻawi ʻo Ola, ka hui kaʻa uila nui loa ma India i nā kaʻa uila. ʻO Ola, ʻo ia ka mea e kālele ana i ka neʻe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, manaʻo e pāpālua i kāna mana uila ʻelua huila i 2 miliona ma ka hopena o 2023 a hiki i ka mana makahiki o 10 miliona ma waena o 2025 a me 2028. Hoʻolālā pū ka hui e kūkulu i kahi pākahi lithium-ion. mea kanu me ka mana mua o 5 GWh, me ka hoonui i ka 100 GWh ma 2030. Hoʻolālā ʻo Ola e hoʻomaka e kūʻai aku i nā kaʻa uila no kāna ʻoihana kaʻa ma o 2024 a hoʻopiha piha i kāna mau ʻauwaʻa kaʻa e 2029, ʻoiai e hoʻomaka ana i kāna ʻoihana ponoʻī a me ka mākeke uila. Ua hoʻolaha ka hui i kahi hoʻopukapuka kālā ma luna o $ 900 miliona ma ka hana ʻana i nā kaʻa a me nā kaʻa uila ma ka hema o India a ua hoʻonui i ka hana makahiki mai 100,000 a 140,000 mau kaʻa.
Ma Thailand, ua pālua ka kūʻai ʻana o EV i 21,000 mau ʻāpana, me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ke kūʻai aku ma waena o nā kaʻa uila maʻemaʻe a me nā hybrid plug-in. ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka nui o nā kaʻa kaʻa Kina i hoʻolalelale i ka lawe ʻana i nā kaʻa uila ma ka ʻāina. I ka makahiki 2021, ua hoʻolauna ʻo Great Wall Motors, kahi mea hana ʻenekini nui Kina (OEM), i ka Euler Haomao BEV i ka mākeke Thai, e lilo i kaʻa uila kūʻai maikaʻi loa ma Thailand i 2022 me ke kūʻai aku ma kahi o 4,000 mau ʻāpana. ʻO ka lua a me ke kolu o nā kaʻa kaulana loa he mau kaʻa Kina i hana ʻia e ka Shanghai Automotive Industry (SAIC), ʻaʻohe mea i kūʻai ʻia ma Thailand i 2020. Ua hiki i nā mea hana kaʻa Kina ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kumukūʻai o nā kaʻa uila mai nā mea hoʻokūkū haole i loaʻa pū kekahi. komo i ka mākeke Thai, e like me BMW a me Mercedes, no laila e huki ana i kahi waihona mea kūʻai aku. Eia kekahi, ke hāʻawi aku nei ke aupuni Thai i nā ʻano hoʻoikaika kālā no nā kaʻa uila, me nā haʻawina, nā ʻauhau ʻauhau, a me nā hoʻokuʻu ʻauhau lawe mai, hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nani o nā kaʻa uila. Hoʻolālā ʻo Tesla e komo i ka mākeke Thai ma 2023 a komo i ka hana o nā superchargers.
Ma Indonesia, ua hoʻonui ʻia ke kūʻai ʻana o nā kaʻa uila maʻemaʻe ma mua o 14 mau manawa a ʻoi aku ma mua o 10,000 mau ʻāpana, ʻoiai ke kūʻai aku nei nā mea hoʻohui plug-in i kokoke i ka zero. I Malaki 2023, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Indonesia i nā mea hoʻoikaika hou e kākoʻo i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā huila ʻelua uila, nā kaʻa a me nā kaʻa, e manaʻo ana e hoʻoikaika i ka kaʻa uila a me ka hiki ke hana pākaukau ma o nā koi ʻāpana kūloko. Hoʻolālā ke aupuni e kākoʻo i ke kūʻai aku ʻana o 200,000 mau kaʻa uila ʻelua a me 36,000 mau kaʻa uila e 2023 me nā ʻāpana kūʻai o 4 pakeneka a me 5 pakeneka. Hiki i ke kālā hou ke hōʻoki i nā kumukūʻai o nā huila ʻelua uila e 25-50% e kōkua iā lākou e hoʻokūkū me kā lākou mau hoa ICE. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ʻo Indonesia i ke kaʻa uila a me ke kaulahao hoʻolako pākaukau, ʻoi aku ka nui o kāna mau waiwai mineral waiwai a me ke kūlana ʻo ia ka mea hana nui loa o ka honua i ka nickel ore. Ua hoʻokomo kēia i ka hoʻopukapuka kālā mai nā hui honua, a hiki i Indonesia ke lilo i kikowaena nui loa o ka ʻāina no ka hana ʻana i nā pihi a me nā ʻāpana.
He paʻakikī ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumu hoʻohālike i nā mākeke e kū mai ana a me nā ʻāina e ulu ana, me nā hiʻohiʻona he nui i kūʻai mua ʻia i nā ʻāpana premium e like me nā SUV a me nā hiʻohiʻona waiwai nui. ʻOiai he ʻano honua nā SUV, ʻo ka mana kūʻai liʻiliʻi i nā mākeke e kū mai ana a me nā ʻāina e ulu nei e hana i kēlā mau kaʻa i hiki ʻole ke loaʻa. Ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole i uhi ʻia ma kēia ʻāpana o ka hōʻike, aia ma mua o 60 mau mākeke e kū mai ana a me nā ʻāina e ulu nei, me nā mea i kākoʻo ʻia e ka Global Environment Facility's (GEF) Global Electric Mobility Program, kahi i loaʻa ai ka helu o nā kaʻa nui. ʻO ke kālā ma ka makahiki 2022 e ʻelua a ʻeono mau manawa ma mua o nā ʻoihana liʻiliʻi.
Ma ʻApelika, ʻo ke kumu kūʻai kaʻa uila maikaʻi loa ma 2022 ʻo ia ka Hyundai Kona (maʻemaʻe uila crossover), ʻoiai ʻo Taycan BEV nui a pipiʻi nui o Porsche he moʻolelo kūʻai e like me ka midsize Leaf BEV o Nissan. ʻEwalu manawa ke kūʻai aku nei nā SUV uila ma mua o nā kaʻa liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi maikaʻi loa i hui pū ʻia: ʻo Mini Cooper SE BEV a me Renault Zoe BEV. Ma Inia, ʻo ke kumu kūʻai nui ʻo EV ka Tata Nexon BEV crossover, me ka ʻoi aku o 32,000 mau ʻāpana i kūʻai ʻia, ʻekolu manawa ʻoi aku ma mua o ke kumu kūʻai maikaʻi loa e hiki mai ana, ʻo Tata ʻo Tigor/Tiago BEV liʻiliʻi. I loko o nā mākeke e puka mai ana a me nā ʻāina ulu i uhi ʻia ma ʻaneʻi, ua hiki ke kūʻai aku o nā SUV uila i 45,000 mau ʻāpana, ʻoi aku ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻana o nā kaʻa uila liʻiliʻi (23,000) a me ka midsize (16,000). Ma Costa Rica, nona nā kūʻai EV nui loa ma Latin America, ʻehā wale nō o nā hiʻohiʻona kiʻekiʻe he 20 ʻaʻole SUV, a kokoke i ka hapakolu he mau hiʻohiʻona nani. ʻO ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka nui o ka electrification ma nā mākeke e kū mai ana a me nā ʻāina e ulu nei e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kaʻa uila liʻiliʻi a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, a me nā huila ʻelua a ʻekolu.
ʻO kahi ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka loiloi ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mākeke automotive ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka hoʻopaʻa inoa a me ke kūʻai aku. ʻO ke kākau inoa hou e pili ana i ka helu o nā kaʻa i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia me nā keʻena aupuni kūpono a i ʻole nā ​​keʻena ʻinikua no ka manawa mua, me nā kaʻa kūloko a me nā kaʻa i lawe ʻia mai. ʻO ka nui o nā mea kūʻai aku e pili ana i nā kaʻa i kūʻai ʻia e nā mea kūʻai aku a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea kūʻai aku (kūʻai kūʻai kūʻai kūʻai), a i ʻole nā ​​​​kaʻa i kūʻai ʻia e nā mea hana kaʻa i nā mea kūʻai aku (e like me nā hana i waho). I ka nānā ʻana i ka mākeke automotive, hiki i ke koho o nā hōʻailona ke koʻikoʻi nui. No ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka helu helu ma waena o nā ʻāina āpau a pale i ka helu pālua ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka nui o ka mākeke kaʻa i kēia hōʻike e pili ana i nā hoʻopaʻa inoa kaʻa hou (inā loaʻa) a me nā kūʻai kūʻai aku, ʻaʻole nā ​​​​mea hana.
ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o kēia mea i hōʻike maikaʻi ʻia e nā ʻano o ka mākeke kaʻa Kina i 2022. ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā hale hana (helu ʻia ʻo ka nui o ke kūʻai ʻana) ma ka mākeke kaʻa kaʻa o Kina e hōʻike ʻia e ulu e 7% a 10% i 2022, ʻoiai ke hōʻike nei nā inoa inoa ʻoihana i kahi. makeke kūloko lohi i ka makahiki hoʻokahi. Ua ʻike ʻia ka piʻi ʻana ma ka ʻikepili mai ka China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM), ke kumu ʻikepili kūhelu no ka ʻoihana kaʻa o Kina. ʻOhi ʻia ka ʻikepili CAAM mai nā mea hana kaʻa a hōʻike i ka lawe ʻana i nā hale hana. ʻO kekahi kumu i ʻōlelo nui ʻia ʻo China Passenger Car Association (CPCA), he hui ʻole aupuni e kūʻai nui ana, kūʻai aku, a hoʻokuʻu aku i nā kaʻa, akā ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia e hāʻawi i nā helu ʻāina a ʻaʻole i uhi i nā OEM āpau, ʻoiai ʻo CAAM. . ʻO ka China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC), kahi manaʻo noʻonoʻo aupuni, e hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻikepili hana kaʻa e pili ana i nā helu ʻike kaʻa a me nā helu kūʻai kaʻa e pili ana i ka ʻikepili hoʻopaʻa inoa kaʻa. Ma Kina, hoʻopuka ʻia ka ʻinikua kaʻa no ka kaʻa ponoʻī, ʻaʻole no ka mea hoʻokele pākahi, no laila he mea pono no ka mālama ʻana i ka helu o nā kaʻa ma ke alanui, me nā mea i lawe ʻia mai. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka ʻikepili CATARC a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka pūʻali koa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia a i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hana ʻē aʻe, a me nā waihona o nā mea hana.
ʻO ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o nā kaʻa kaʻa holo kaʻa i 2022 e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kēia mau kumu ʻikepili. I ka makahiki 2022, e hoʻonui ʻia nā kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa ma kahi o 60% a ʻoi aku ma mua o 2.5 miliona mau ʻāpana, aʻo ka lawe ʻana i nā kaʻa kaʻa e hoʻemi ʻia ma kahi o 20% (mai 950,000 a 770,000 mau ʻāpana).